Mass Communication and Politics In The Digital Age

It was a historic night for The Tonight show. It was the first time a sitting president appeared on the show, and the president to do so was America's first African American president, Barack Obama. 
President Obama had earlier appeared on an ESPN show and discussed his picks for the upcoming NCAA March Madness basketball tournament, and now was talking about a variety of things to host Jay Leno.

Obama's first appearance was part of a larger campaign to persuade the American public about his proposed economic plan to help America recover from a recession, and he showed his characteristic wit and charm during the interview. 
Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

As President Obama's talk show appearance illustrates, there have been dramatic changes in recent years regarding media and politics.

Journalism has long considered itself the main conduit through which politicians inform the public, thereby playing a key role in democratic processes.  Journalism is the mechanism through which the public obtains unbiased, impartial information about candidates for office, sitting elected officials, and the agencies they represent and operate. Entertainment has played an increasingly important role in helping political candidates create a more down to earth image, with appearances on late night talk shows and even comedy shows like Saturday Night Live now becoming the norm.  "Fake News" shows such as The daily show, or The Colbert Report are often a main source of political news for young people.
Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

Furthermore, the Internet and other types of online communication have not only become important information sources for the public but played key roles in helping candidates organize and raise funds. Candidates have had their political careers ruined thanks in part to the ease of distribution of video and documents.  A case in point was Virginia senator George Allen, who on a campaign stop during the 2006 election publicly called an opponent's campaign worker of Indian descent "macaca," a racial slur for African immigrants used in Europe.  The video of Allen saying this at the rally was widely spread on the Internet, leaving an indelible impression of Allen's character that no amount of press release apologies could successfully whitewash or counter.
Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

POLITICAL ISSUES WITH MEDIA

Radio and Television are often used to reach persons in remote agricultural regions and developing countries to provide information on health issues, agricultural techniques, and government policies.  Broadcast stations are often among the first places taken in coup, as those in power or those wishing to gain power.  Realize the importance of controlling the means of distributing information.  Print media are often used to foster the business development of a region, although their effectiveness is limited in countries with low literacy rates or where many different languages are spoken.  Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

Foreign governments tend to control the content of their mass communication organizations, especially television and radio, far more than is seen in The United States.  In some cases, broadcasting stations are entirely government owned or government run, while in other cases licensing restrictions for television sets or media devices such as satellite dishes limit the ability of the public to have complete access to the media.  Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN POLITICAL ELECTIONS.

Since the earliest days of the Republic, the media have been intimately involved in our political process.  The colonial newspapers were a "partisan" press, typically aligned with a particular political party or trying to persuade the public of a certain viewpoint.  Since the first use of radio in political campaigning, in 1924, the electronic media have played an increasingly important part in political elections.  In both 1936 and 1940, while the majority of newspapers throughout the United States openly endorsed Republican candidates for office, radio had become the more heavily used medium by Democrats.  Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

President Roosevelt was masterful in his use of radio to reach the masses, providing his regular "Fireside Chats" during both the 1930's and 1940's.   Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE ADVERTISING

Some people say that political advertising is no different than other product advertising, except that in a political campaign there is a one day sale.  It is this mentality that drives the industry.  As a result, many candidates gravitate toward negative advertising. Although some of the paid political spots on television are intended to simply provide information about the candidate and his or her position on the issues, the ads that have captured the most criticism and research have been the negative ads.  

Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

POLITICAL DEBATES

One of the most important areas of political communication is the debate.  Ever since the great debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas during the U.S. Senate race of 1858, debates have been a proving ground for candidates to test their mettle against an opponent and for the voting public to better understand both the character and the content of each candidate.

Arguably the most important debate between U.S. presidential candidates in the 20th century occurred in 1960, when for the first time presidential candidates debated live on broadcast television and radio.  The debate pitted John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon against each other.  Research conducted at the time showed that among those who watched the debate on television, Kennedy, who was handsome and well groomed, was rated clearly superior.  Nixon, whose dark stubble and "shifty" eyes gave him a more sinister look. 

Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

Meanwhile, on radio, with listeners only able to hear the candidates voices, the clear winner was deemed to be Nixon because it seemed he had the more convincing arguments.  Kennedy ultimately won the presidential contest in an extremely close election, and it is not clear weather the debate was the deciding factor.  But it has been the touchstone for televised campaigning ever since.  Today it is a given that one's television persona is an essential quality in winning an election.  Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

THE ROLE OF YOUTUBE

YouTube played a major role in helping Obama, according to Arianna Huffington, founder of the influential blog the Huffington Post.  By being able to post videos that the public could watch when it wanted to, without commercials, candidates could speak at greater length than in the sound-bite culture that dominates the mainstream news.  YouTube also allowed people to watch repeatedly and to forward videos to friends.  YouTube purposely positioned itself to play a potentially important role in the elections by launching the YouTube You Choose 08 campaign, which gave presidential candidates their own YouTube channels.  YouTube also encouraged people to videotape their questions to candidates during a series of debates, called the CNN/YouTube debates, and worked with video the vote, and organization that has people videotape difficulties with voting.  Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

The success of these efforts likely surprised even YouTube itself, and some commentators have called 2008 the YouTube election.  The implications for future campaigns are only starting to be analyzed by scholars and political consultants, but the changes brought by YouTube are even more remarkable given that YouTube did not even exist during the presidential election of 2004, and it is owned by Google, itself barely ten years old.  Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

CHANGING RULES FOR POLITICIANS

The Changes brought to political campaigns by YouTube, Facebook, and other Web 2.0 social media technologies are still not fully understood and will likely change as technologies continue to evolve.  However, there are some fundamental shifts that are already apparent from the 2008 presidential campaign.  As candidates from both parties learned, to their dismay, there is no such thing anymore as an "off the record" event.  It used to be that the journalists attending fund-raisers or other events that were off the record respected that whatever was said there by a candidate could not be reported on.  But now, with a variety of citizen journalists and bloggers attending such events, there is no guarantee that the rules will be respected.  Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

SOURCES:

Pavlik, J. V., & McIntosh, S. (2013). Converging Media: A New Introduction to Mass Communication, 3rd Ed (3rd ed.). : .

www.Google.com

www.Youtube.com

Television, The King of Mass Media?

Television as a mass medium is just over sixty years old, yet it has become the most common mode in which we receive our news, entertainment, and advertising. By the time today's teens are 75 years old, they will have spent at least eleven full years of their lives watching television. Perhaps in part due to its popularity, television attracted many critics. The late drama critic John Mason Brown said that "some television programs are so much chewing gum for the eyes." Although television viewers from 1953 would likely be impressed with technological advances such as wide-screen, high-definition television, surround sound, and the multitude of channels to choose from.

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

   

TELEVISION'S EARLY DAYS:

 

The late 1940's and 1950's saw the emergence of innovative programming that not only adapted programs from radio but introduced quality programs of a variety of types. Many of the programs of this period were performed and broadcast live, largely because the only effective recording medium was film, and film processing was slow and expensive. Much early TV programming came directly from radio, where talented actors and comedians such as Jack Benny had begun their careers. The Broadway stage also lent much to early television.     

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

The first decade of television programming is often referred to as the golden age of television because of the many successful programs that were produced then. Among the most memorable entertainment shows to emerge in television's age was the "The Ed Sullivan Show" originally called "Toast Of The Town" The show which debuted in June 1948, was seen frequently with 50% of all U.S. households. In 1964, the show featured the British pop group The Beatles      

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

Which attracted 73 million viewers nationwide.

 

 

 

 

 

Programming Envelope:

 

The 1970s saw a number of significant program developments. Among them were various formats that introduced more complex, realistic characters into formerly one-dimensional program genres. Other notable developments included the 1977 ABC airing of it's twenty-six hour miniseries "Roots," based on the novel by Alex Haley. The January 30 episode became the third most watched TV program in history.    

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

Monday Night Football

 

 

Monday night Football, started in 1970, was a bold experiment in sports programming during prime time and became a cultural mainstay until it ended in 2005. It led to more televised sporting events outside of the traditional weekend programming and opened up a new revenue opportunities for sports franchises.       

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 

The highest rated program of the decade was "All in the Family" a controversial situation comedy that used a bigoted character, Archie Bunker, to address many of the social, gender, and civil rights issues that were being discussed in society.    

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

The MTV Generation & Rise of Cable

 

The growing availability of cable and satellite television threatened the programming dominance the three networks had enjoyed since television first became a mass medium. Suddenly, viewers found themselves with programming choices far beyond three network channels and public television. The networks were generally slow to respond to this growing threat to their audience and did not introduce innovative programming of their own, choosing instead to offer variations of tried- and true formulas.   

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

One exception was a new genre of gritty police drama introduced by producer Steven Bochco in 1980 on NBC called "Hill Street Blues" The show had several prominent characters, all with various storylines, and a realistic, often chaotic quality that added dramatic elements of soap operas to the story. Bochco continued to evolve the genre in the 1990s with ABC's NYPD Blue.     

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

Music Television, or MTV, debuted in 1981 as a cable channel, showing as it's first music video "Video Killed the Radio Star." The title was very prophetic. MTV has not only dramatically changed how music has been promoted, but it has continued to introduce innovative, although not always culture-enhancing, programs such as "Real World" "Jackass," "The Osbournes," and MTV's most viewed series ever, "Jersey Shore"     

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 

 

 

Cable Television!

 

With the increased fragmentation of the television viewing audience, it is perhaps bitterly ironic to the networks to see some cable channels such as HBO, which is only in about 28 million homes, or a third of the number that get network television and the non-premium cable channels.

 

Attract more viewers for some original programming than many network shows.      

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 

  

 

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) began in 1969, after being authorized by the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, and in November 1969 launched "Sesame Street" one of the most influential programs for children on TV then and today.      

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 

The Public Broadcasting Service operates as a private, non for profit corporation owned by its member stations. Public Television programming has consistently won more television awards for high quality than Television and Cable networks combined.     

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 

Types of Programming!!

In the early days of Television, several enduring television programming types were either refined from their radio formats or were developed originally for TV. These included hosted children's shows, variety shows, situation comedies, dramatic anthologies, Western series, sports and news talk shows. These various program types laid the foundation for the development of three broad programming categories, which eventually emerged as a formal divisions within the commercial television networks. These three divisions are entertainment, sports, and news.       

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

Soaps!

Some programming has survived for decades across media, but because of the rise of the multichannel universe of cable, satellite, and other new media, many program types are now facing extinction or finding niche homes online or on cable. An example is the "Soap Opera" one of the staples of radio programming that has endured on television. Soaps, as they are called, were so named not because of the content of the programs but because, first on radio and then on television, the principal advertising was for soap and other house hold products.
one of the soap operas was, "Guiding lights" from 1937.

Soap operas were very successful, until the 1990's. One by One, soap operas were dying as women entered the workforce and audiences shrunk. After 8,891 episodes and 35 years on the air, NBC's "Another World" ended its run in 1999.     

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

Welcome to the world of game & quiz shows

 

One of the greatest sensations in commercial television's first full decade was the game and quiz show. A format that had been successful in radio as well. Nearly everyone with a television set in their home tuned each week to their favorite quiz show. These shows drew enormous audiences partly because it was easy to identify with the contestants, many of whom came from ordinary walks of life, and the stakes were large. 

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 



 

 

 

Sports

Today, for many people sports and television go hand to hand. Some of the biggest television events involve sports, such as the Super Bowl, which annually draws one of the U.S. television's largest audiences. Every four years the World Cup, the quadrennial soccer tournament, draws large worldwide television audiences. Television commentator Les Brown explains that sports is considered by many the perfect program form for television. "At once topical and entertaining, performed live and suspensefully without a script, peopled with heroes and villains, full of action. Sports has also been an ongoing venue for technical experimentation. The introduction of the instant re-play in the early 1960's added a new dimension to televised sports, debuting in a telecast of an Army-Navy football game.     

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

Professional wrestling offers a blend of sports and entertainment that has proved popular over the years, although it's popularity waxes and wanes in cycles. In the late 1990s and early 2000s it reached a peak of popularity and commercial success with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), a company headed by Vincent McMahon. McMahon's genius was to more or less admit that the bouts were staged.   

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 

 

 

 

And last but not least, Reality Television.

 

 

 

 

With the plethora of reality shows on many channels these days, it may be surprising to learn that the genre has it's roots in the earliest days of television. Games shows like Truth or Consequences that had contestants performing wacky stunts for prizes, or Alan Funt's "Candid Camera" a classic prank show, were very popular in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s shows like "COPS" and "America's Funniest Videos" were aired and continue to run today. Reality shows became much more popular from 2000, after "Big Brother" and "Survivor" were both hits in the United States. Today, "American Idol" which can trace it's lineage directly back to popular talent search shows in the 1940s such as "Arthur" "Godfrey's Talent Scouts" remains a top rated show and has launched singing careers for several of its finalists and winners.     

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

 

Reality shows have proved successful partly because of the versatility of the genre. Home Improvement channels have been able to capitalize on the format with shows like "House Hunters" and "Property Virgins" and lifestyle channels have had successful shows such as "Extreme Makeover" and "The Biggest Loser" Reality television is profitable for television networks because the cost of producing them is much less than that of scripted programs using actors and sets.   

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004).

 

What are the most popular Reality shows?

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

 

www.Google.com

www.Youtube.com

www.Mojo.com

 

Pavlik, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media . New York: Oxford University press. DOI: www.oup.com/us/pavlik

 



 

 

 



Ana & Mia The Princess disorders

Have you ever wanted to be a Princess? I know I have
How many of us, are familiar with Ana & Mia? In other words, with Anorexia and Bulimia? Did you know that 42% of 1st-3rd graders, want to look thinner? These kind of disorders are as you can say, more common in women. But, according to the website, www.anad.org an estimated 10-15% of people with anorexia or bulimia, are male. Anorexia nervosa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

So, what exactly is Anorexia and Bulimia?

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by emaciation, a relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a normal, or healthy weight. Many people with anorexia, see themselves as overweight. Anorexia nervosa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

What are the signs that you, or someone you know, might be going through Anorexia nervosa? Here are 10!Anorexia nervosa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

• Deliberate self-starvation with weight  loss
• Intense, persistent fear of gaining weight
• Refusal to  eat or highly restrictive eating
• Continuous dieting
•  Excessive facial/body hair because of inadequate protein in the diet
•  Compulsive exercise
• Abnormal weight loss
• Sensitivity to  cold
• Absent or irregular menstruation
• Hair lossAnorexia nervosa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

Now, what is the difference between Anorexia and Bulimia?

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes  of eating unusually large amounts of food (e.g., binge-eating), and  feeling a lack of control over the eating. This binge-eating is followed  by a type of behavior that compensates for the binge, such as purging  (e.g., vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics), fasting  and/or excessive exercise.
Unlike anorexia, people with bulimia  can fall within the normal range for their age and weight.  Bulimia nervosa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

 

 

How do you know you have or someone you know, has this problem?
Here it goes. Bulimia nervosa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

Preoccupation with  food
Binge eating, usually in secret
Vomiting after bingeing
Abuse of laxatives, diuretics, diet pills
Denial of hunger or  drugs to induce vomiting
Compulsive exercise
Swollen salivary  glands
Broken blood vessels in the eyes Bulimia nervosa. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

Can Anorexia/Bulimia kill you?

Yes! It can!
Although eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental disorder,  the mortality rates reported on those who suffer from eating disorders can vary considerably between studies and sources. Part of the reason why there is a large variance in the reported number of deaths caused by eating disorders is because those who suffer from an eating disorder may ultimately die of heart failure, organ failure, malnutrition or suicide. Often, the medical complications of death are reported instead of the eating disorder that  compromised a person’s health.  Eating disorder statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

How can you reach for HELP?

If you think you, or someone is battling with these eating disorders, it's ok to scream for help. Talk to someone, either a relative or a friend. You can also get help, by calling the ANAD helpline, at (630) 577-1330    Eating disorder statistics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.anad.org/get-information/get-informationanorexia-nervosa/

So, I bet you're wondering why I chose this topic and why at the beginning of this blog, I mentioned the word Princess.

Well, at the age of 16, I went through Bulimia.
I had always been a really thin girl, most of my childhood and the beginning of my teenage years. But, I had gone to Mexico to visit my grandma. and you know that when you're there, all you can do is eat! Not only that, but your body starts to change. When I came back from my trip, I had gained a few pounds and my body looked different. Ever since I was a little girl, I loved to sing, dance, and talk. So, my parents decided to enroll me to a performing arts school. A school where you were taught how to sing, model, act, and good manners.

I remember my first day at that school, we had a visit from a guy looking for models for a fashion show. And I mean, you see me, and I am 0 model material! He asked me for my name, height and weight. He looked at me, and said, "You're too fat for your age and height" At that moment, I felt like my world came crushing down. That day, my parents had friends over and had cooked Carne Asada. I came home, and didn't eat at all.

http://www.tvkinc.com/2012/05/11/el-lado-oscuro-de-la-comida-2/ (El Lado obscuro de la comida) Interview done to me, by Univision in 2012.

My weight became an obsession for me! I would look at myself in the mirror all the time, check my stomach, work out a lot, check what I was eating, to the point that I started looking up online tips on how to be the perfect Anorexic/Bulimic. I wanted to be a Princess, have everyone like me because I was thin and beautiful. There were moments I would get really hungry, and over eat! Feel guilty and run to the bathroom to get rid of it. I would even have nightmares that I would over eat, and wake up scared of food. At the age of 17, my parents realized I had a problem, and had me visit a therapist. That's where I was diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa.

Road to Recovery

After being diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa, I was taught how to eat without having panic attacks. It's like when you're a baby, and you're being taught by your parents how to eat. I had to write on this journal every single meal I would have during the day, including snacks. Until I was comfortable on doing it on my own. At the age of 21, I guess you can say I was "fully" recovered. I mean, I would still hear that voice in my head once in a while that would tell me I was fat and ugly. But I would also try to ignore it, and move on with my life. But, it wasn't until last year, that I actually hit recovery. All thanks to God! It was May of last year, at a youth retreat, that God spoke to me through one of the preachers.

Talking about how God created us, and how we are suppose to accept ourselves just how we are. That's where it actually hit me! Ever since that day, the voices went away, and I started loving myself just the way I am. God has done amazing wonders in my life. And if it wasn't for Him, I would probably still be living the hell I was living with Bulimia. And the best part of it, I actually became a Princess! A Princess of the Lord, who has me at his service. Now, I don't really care if people like me or not, because I know God loves me, and created this Beautiful Princess.

 

 

www.Youtube.com

http://www.tvkinc.com/2012/05/11/el-lado-oscuro-de-la-comida-2/

http://www.anad.org/get-information/about-eating-disorders/eating-disorders-statistics/

www.Google.com



The Radio Time Machine

By a show of hands, how many of us listen to the radio, without thinking where it came from? The radio is the most widely available medium of mass communication around the world. At least 99% of all U.S. households, have at least one radio receiver. Also, radio is less expensive to produce, transmit, and receive, than television. Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

But what are some of the distinctive functions of the radio?
Around the world, radio is a medium of entertainment as well as of news. Information about what's going on in your city or town, and marketing. The radio is also used to inform and instruct for farming and agriculture. And of course, we also use it for emergencies in case of storms, natural disasters, or military conflict. Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztAPrRrV0oE

Where did radio come from?

The radio is a medium with an amazing history. Radio has evolved considerably since it's early development, and continues to evolve as we enter the digital age. Many inventors and scientists around the world were experimenting with radio technology at almost the same time. In the year 1884, German Heinrich Hertz began experimenting with electromagnetic waves.

Another scientist experimenting with radio technology was African American Granville T. Woods. Who in 1887 invented what is known as "Railway telegraphy" His invention allowed messages to be sent between moving trains and a railroad station.

In 1899, Italian Guglielmo Marconi invented radio telegraphy, and he called it, "The wireless"Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

 

 

In 1906, Swedish born inventor Ernst Alexsanderson was among the first to build a working high frequency, continuous-wave machine capable of transmitting a radio broadcast of the human voice and other sounds. Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

 

 

Radio before, during, and after WW1

 

Despite evident practical uses of radio, radio technology still needed to improve, with considerable

financial support from and direction by the U.S military. In April 1917, the radio stations were taken

over by the U.S government, or shut down completely. But, by 1918, radio restrictions were lifted.   Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

 

 

In 1934, an important breakthrough in radio transmission technology occurred, when professor Edwin Howard Armstrong from Columbia University, invented FM (frequency modulation) radio.

During the 1920's, the first commercial broadcasting networks were formed, initially as radio networks. Affiliated radio stations in multiple cities all broadcasting a common core set of programming. Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

 

So, what's the radio industry today?

The U.S radio industry revenues had been declining every year since 2006. But, in 2010 rose 5.4% to

$14.1 billion, according to Bia/Kelsey. They are a group that tracks and advices the radio industry.

In the United States, there are 10,000 commercial radio stations and 2,500 non commercial.

None commercial stations, include NPR affiliated stations, college stations, and community and religious stations. Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York: 

 

Radio Station Programming

Perhaps the most fundamental development in commercial radio in the 20th century was it's eventual specialization. Radio grew in it's early years to become a dominant medium of mass communication. But with the rise of television as a medium of mass communication in the years following World War two, radio fell from a position of media dominance. And like magazines, adapted to the new media landscape. Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

 

http://www.billboard.com/charts

 

http://www.billboard.com/charts#id-chart-category-pop

 

What's the outlook for the Radio industry?

Radio industry experts, remain cautiously optimistic about the radio industry and predict, a slight growth in the future. Thanks in part to a large increase in digital revenues. Which takes us to podcast radio. Podcasts began to rise in popularity from 2004, and they differ from other media formats. Such as? downloads or streaming media. And last, but not least! Satellite Radio! more akin to audio programming than to traditional broadcast radio. Satellite radio, uses digital radio signals broadcast from a satellite with up to 50 channels of CD quality music. In a great variety of formats!

Satellite radio has over 18 million listeners in the United States. In the future, I'm sure we will continue to learn more of the advances with radio and it's broadcasting. Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York:

www.youtube.com
www.billboard.com
www.google.com
http://www.billboard.com/charts
http://www.billboard.com/chart#id-chart-category-pop
Pavlick, J., & McIntosh, S. (2004). Converging media. New York: